The Waterford Walls festival was conceived as a direct response to a challenging period in the city's history. In the mid-2010s, Waterford was grappling with the profound effects of an economic downturn. The city centre was described as having a "depressed" and "hopeless" atmosphere, marked by vacant factories, boarded-up shops, and empty office blocks. This decline was exacerbated by new motorways and the rise of out-of-town shopping centres, which drew commercial activity and footfall away from the city centre, leaving it feeling like a "ghost town."
Co-founder Edel Tobin expressed frustration with this situation, noting that property owners seemed disconnected from the visual decline of their own buildings. The festival was born from a desire to turn this negativity into a positive force, transforming the city's symbols of failure into a vibrant canvas for art. The goal was to encourage people to "lift" their eyes from the ground and reconnect with their urban environment.
The 2016 festival was a significant expansion of the previous year's project, growing into a city-wide cultural movement. Over 40 artists participated, transforming 40 walls across Waterford City and, for the first time, extending to the nearby town of Tramore. The festival's ethos, as articulated by Tobin, was to "re-energise, re-imagine and re-claim the shared public space" of Waterford.
A key factor in the festival's success was its progressive operational model. Unlike other mural festivals that are limited to a single designated area, Waterford Walls was granted "access to an entire city." This wide-ranging permission demonstrated a "mutual trust" between the festival team and the local council, allowing for the "fantastical and progressive idea of handing the entire city over to a group of artists." This collaborative, grassroots approach was central to the festival's success, transforming Waterford into a dynamic, living gallery.