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THOMAS DRUMMOND MEMORIAL AT MOUNT JEROME CEMETERY – A LIFE OF SERVICE AND INNOVATION

December 16, 2024 by infomatique

2017 LEGACY PHOTO COLLECTION BY WILLIAM MURPHY

Thomas Drummond (1797-1840) was a Scottish-born officer, civil engineer, and public servant who made significant contributions to both engineering and Irish history. He is best known for his invention of the Drummond Light, a powerful limelight used in surveying, and for his impactful tenure as Under-Secretary for Ireland. This article delves into Drummond’s life, explores his family history, and examines his lasting legacy within the context of Irish history.

The Thomas Drummond Monument in Mount Jerome Cemetery

Drummond’s final resting place is in Mount Jerome Cemetery in Dublin. His dying wish was to be buried in Ireland, “the land of my adoption,” a testament to his deep affection for the country he served. His grave is marked by an impressive monument, constructed of granite with a marble book atop a granite vault, situated prominently on the East Walk. This monument stands as a lasting tribute to Drummond’s enduring impact on Ireland.

Early Life and Career

Born in Edinburgh in 1797, Drummond showed an early inclination towards mathematics. He received his early education at Musselburgh grammar school, then through private tutoring and at a small Edinburgh school. He continued his studies at Edinburgh High School and later at the University of Edinburgh, demonstrating a natural talent for the subject. In 1813, he enrolled at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and joined the Royal Engineers in 1815, where he quickly earned a reputation as a skilled surveyor. During this early part of his career, he was involved in public works in Edinburgh and participated in the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland.

In the early 1820s, Drummond was assigned to a survey of the Scottish Highlands, a challenging project that further developed his surveying expertise. It was during this time that he began experimenting with limelight, having learned about its discovery through lectures by Sir Michael Faraday. This early work laid the foundation for his later invention of the Drummond Light.

While working on the boundary commission to redraw parliamentary boundaries for the Reform Act of 1832, Drummond’s skills and growing reputation brought him to the attention of Lord Brougham. He gave a private demonstration of his light to the Lord Chancellor, and this connection led to further opportunities. In 1831, he even dined with the King at the Royal Palace in Brighton, a sign of his increasing recognition in society. He was subsequently appointed to head the boundary commission, where he worked with Lord Althorp, the chancellor of the exchequer, and eventually became his private secretary in 1833.

The Drummond Light and the Ordnance Survey of Ireland

In 1824, Drummond joined the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, where he continued to refine and utilise the Drummond Light. This innovative device, created by directing an oxyhydrogen flame at a block of lime, produced an intensely bright light source. It proved invaluable for surveying, enabling accurate measurements over long distances, even in challenging conditions and at night. Drummond reported that the light could be seen from 68 miles away and cast a strong shadow at a distance of 13 miles. While he did not invent limelight itself, he was the first to recognise and harness its potential for surveying and cartography.

During his time with the Ordnance Survey, Drummond also collaborated with Colonel Thomas Frederick Colby to produce self-compensating measuring bars, further enhancing the accuracy of their surveying work. He had aspirations to adapt his limelight for use in lighthouses, but the high cost proved to be a barrier.

Under-Secretary for Ireland: A Legacy of Reform

Drummond’s most significant contribution to Irish history came during his tenure as Under-Secretary for Ireland from 1835 to 1840. This position placed him at the centre of the British administration in Dublin Castle, where he was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the government. He was widely respected for his impartiality and his dedication to improving the lives of the Irish people.

Before assuming the role of Under-Secretary, Drummond had temporarily left Ireland prior to the Reform Act 1832. Upon his return, he brought with him a wealth of experience and a commitment to reform that would shape his approach to governance.

One of Drummond’s key achievements was the establishment of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) in 1836. This professional police force replaced the existing system of local watchmen, which was often inefficient, partisan, and corrupt. Prior to establishing the RIC, Drummond had already taken steps to improve the Dublin police force, replacing 400 watchmen with 1,000 more capable constables. He firmly believed that peace in Ireland could be best achieved by trusting and fairly treating the Irish people, a radical notion at the time. The RIC, composed primarily of Catholic peasants, proved to be a more effective and impartial force, contributing to a period of relative stability.

Drummond also advocated for land reform and challenged the prevailing view that property rights were absolute. In a now-famous letter to Tipperary magistrates in 1838, he asserted that “property has its duties as well as its rights”. This statement, which sparked public controversy and debate, argued that landlords had a responsibility to their tenants and should not use their power to unjustly evict them. This stance, while controversial, reflected Drummond’s commitment to social justice and his belief in fair treatment for all.

In 1839, Drummond further demonstrated his commitment to Ireland by defending the government’s Irish policy before a select committee of the House of Lords. This appearance highlighted his deep involvement in the political landscape of the time and his dedication to promoting policies that would benefit the Irish people.

Drummond’s tireless work ethic and dedication to reform took a toll on his health. He died prematurely in 1840 at the age of 42, likely due to overwork and stress. His death was deeply mourned by many in Ireland, with Daniel O’Connell, a prominent Irish nationalist leader, serving as chief mourner at his funeral. A statue in his honour, sculpted by John Hogan, was erected in Dublin’s City Hall in 1843 as a lasting tribute to his contributions.

Drummond’s Family and Legacy

Drummond’s parents, James Drummond and Elizabeth Somers, had connections to the Scottish literary world. His father was a member of the Society of Writers to the Signet, a prestigious legal society in Scotland, and his mother was the daughter of Whig writer James Somers. Thomas was the third of four children, with two brothers and a sister. His father died in 1800, leaving the family in considerable debt, which forced his mother to sell their estates and move the family first to Preston and then to Musselburgh.

In 1835, shortly before assuming the role of Under-Secretary for Ireland, Drummond married Maria Kinnaird, a wealthy heiress and the adopted daughter of critic Richard “Conversation” Sharp. Maria was described as an “accomplished, attractive, and intelligent woman” who actively supported her husband’s work. Together, they had three daughters: Emily, Mary, and Fanny.

Unfortunately, the research material provides limited information about the lives of Drummond’s wife and daughters after his death. Further investigation into genealogical records or historical archives might reveal more information about their marriages, families, and any notable achievements.

Drummond’s family history can be traced back to the Lundin family, who descended from Thomas de Lundin, a natural son of King William the Lion. His paternal grandparents were Robert Lundin and Anne Inglis, daughter of Sir James Inglis of Cramond.

Conclusion

Thomas Drummond’s life was one of remarkable achievement and unwavering dedication to public service. From his early days as a skilled surveyor, he honed his talents and developed innovative solutions to the challenges he faced. His invention of the Drummond Light revolutionised surveying techniques, enabling more accurate mapping and contributing to advancements in cartography.

Drummond’s legacy, however, extends far beyond his engineering achievements. His time as Under-Secretary for Ireland cemented his place in Irish history as a champion of fairness, justice, and reform. He challenged established norms, advocated for the rights of the Irish people, and implemented policies that aimed to create a more just and equitable society. His establishment of the Royal Irish Constabulary, a professional and impartial police force, marked a significant step towards greater stability and security in Ireland.

While the available research offers limited insight into the fate of his family after his death, their story remains an important area for further investigation. Uncovering more details about the lives of his wife and daughters would provide a more complete picture of this remarkable man and his lasting impact on those around him.

Drummond’s papers are located in the National Library of Ireland. For those interested in learning more about his life and work, historical accounts and biographies provide valuable insights. John F. M’Lennan’s “Memoir of Thomas Drummond R.E., F.R.A.S.” (1867) and the entry in the Dictionary of National Biography offer detailed accounts of his life and career.

THE SIR RICHARD MORRISON VAULT

December 15, 2024 by infomatique

MOUNT JEROME CEMETERY MARCH 2017

Sir Richard Morrison (1767-1849) was a prominent Irish architect who left an indelible mark on the architectural landscape of Ireland during the 18th and 19th centuries. His works, characterized by a blend of classical and Gothic styles, grace numerous public buildings and private estates across the country. This article delves into the life and career of Sir Richard Morrison, explores his family history, and examines the significance of his vault at Mount Jerome Cemetery in Dublin.

Family History and Early Life

Born in Midleton, County Cork, Sir Richard Morrison was born into a family with an architectural background; his father, John Morrison, was also an architect. While some accounts suggest he was initially intended for a career in the church, he ultimately followed his father’s path and pursued architecture. His godparents were Frederick Augustus Hervey, the Bishop of Cloyne, and Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon, individuals who held prominent positions in society. These connections may have provided young Morrison with valuable social and professional networks that would later benefit his architectural career.

Morrison began his architectural training as a pupil of the celebrated architect James Gandon in Dublin. Under Gandon’s tutelage, he honed his skills and developed his distinctive style, which would later blend classical and Gothic elements. Through his godfather, the Earl of Shannon, he secured a position in the ordnance department in Dublin. However, he later abandoned this role to dedicate himself fully to his architectural practice.

In 1790, Morrison married Elizabeth Ould, the daughter of Reverend William Ould and granddaughter of the esteemed physician Sir Fielding Ould. The couple had at least four children, including William Vitruvius Morrison, who would later become his father’s architectural partner.

Architectural Career and Importance

Sir Richard Morrison’s architectural career spanned several decades and encompassed a wide range of projects, from public buildings to private residences. He was a leading architect of country houses in Ireland during his time, and his works are scattered throughout the country. His architectural style blended classical and Gothic elements, drawing on the traditions of earlier Irish architects such as Edward Lovett Pearce and Richard Cassels while adapting them to the Irish context. This resulted in buildings that were both elegant and functional, often incorporating distinctive features like elliptical entrance-halls.

Early Career and Public Works

Morrison’s early career involved modifications to the cathedral at Cashel, where he designed a tower and spire for Archbishop Charles Agar. He dedicated his pattern book, Useful and Ornamental Designs in Architecture (1793), to Archbishop Agar. This publication was the first of its kind attempted in Ireland, showcasing Morrison’s innovative approach to architectural design and his desire to contribute to the architectural discourse of his time.

He also designed courthouses in Carlow, Clonmel, Roscommon, Wexford, and Galway, as well as gaols in Enniskillen, Tralee, and Roscommon. These buildings reflect his understanding of classical principles and his ability to create functional and aesthetically pleasing structures that served the needs of the community. In Dublin, he designed Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital, a significant public building that showcases his architectural expertise.

Country Houses and Collaboration with William Vitruvius Morrison

Morrison was particularly renowned for his designs of country houses for the landed gentry. He often remodelled existing houses, adding castellated features to create a sense of grandeur and historical significance. Examples include Shanganagh Castle in County Dublin and Castle Freke in County Cork. He also designed a series of compact classical villas, including Bearforest, Bellair, Cangort Park, and Weston, demonstrating his versatility in adapting his designs to different scales and contexts.

From 1809 onwards, Morrison increasingly collaborated with his son, William Vitruvius Morrison. Together, they designed notable country houses such as Baronscourt in County Tyrone, Killruddery House in County Wicklow, Ballyfin in County Laois, and Fota in County Cork.

Later Career and Legacy

From 1807 to 1831, Morrison served as the architect to Trinity College Dublin (TCD). During this time, he completed the student accommodation in Botany Bay and designed an anatomy house, further contributing to the architectural development of the university.
In 1839, Morrison played a key role in the establishment of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, serving as its first vice-president. This initiative reflected his commitment to the advancement of the architectural profession in Ireland and his desire to promote high standards of design and practice. In recognition of his contributions to architecture, he was knighted by the Lord Lieutenant, Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey, in 1841.

Interesting Stories and Accounts

While specific anecdotes about Sir Richard Morrison may be scarce, his life and work provide glimpses into the social and architectural context of his time. His connections to prominent figures such as James Gandon and the Earl of Shannon highlight his position within the architectural circles of late 18th and early 19th century Ireland. His marriage to Elizabeth Ould, a descendant of a respected physician, further cemented his social standing.

After losing his position in the ordnance department, Morrison moved to Clonmel, County Tipperary, where he established his architectural practice. This move proved to be a turning point in his career, as he gained the patronage of Archbishop Agar and began to receive commissions for significant projects.

The remodelling of Shelton Abbey in County Wicklow in 1819 exemplifies Morrison’s ability to transform existing structures into romantic Gothic fantasies. This project, along with his other country house designs, reflects the prevailing taste for picturesque and historically evocative architecture among the landed gentry of the period.

The Sir Richard Morrison Vault at Mount Jerome Cemetery

Sir Richard Morrison died in Bray, County Wicklow, on 31 October 1849, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery in Dublin. Mount Jerome Cemetery, established in 1836, is known for its Victorian funerary architecture and its association with prominent figures in Irish history. While the specific details about the design or appearance of Morrison’s vault are not available, its presence in this historic cemetery further underscores his significance in Irish architectural history.

Conclusion

Sir Richard Morrison’s contributions to Irish architecture are undeniable. His designs, ranging from grand country houses to important public buildings, shaped the built environment of Ireland during a period of significant social and political change. He was a leading figure in the architectural profession, contributing to the establishment of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland and receiving a knighthood for his achievements. His legacy continues to inspire and influence architects today, and his vault at Mount Jerome Cemetery serves as a reminder of his enduring impact on the architectural landscape of Ireland. His ability to blend classical and Gothic styles, his attention to detail, and his sensitivity to the Irish context ensured that his buildings were not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and enduring. He left behind a rich architectural heritage that continues to be studied and admired, solidifying his place as one of Ireland’s most important architects.

A SIMPLE TRIBUTE TO GEORGE HANLEY R.I.P – WE MISS YOUR WIT AND WISDOM LOVED AND MISSED BY ALL

December 15, 2024 by infomatique

MOUNT JEROME CEMETERY IN DUBLIN

A Quiet Corner in Mount Jerome: Reflections on Life, Loss, and Legacy

Mount Jerome Cemetery in Dublin is a place of grand monuments and sweeping statements etched in stone. It’s where many of Ireland’s most prominent figures have been laid to rest, their achievements and accolades immortalised in elaborate memorials. Walking through its avenues, one can’t help but be struck by the weight of history and the grandeur of these tributes to the “great and the good”.

But amidst the imposing mausoleums and soaring obelisks, there are quieter corners, simpler tributes that speak volumes in their understated eloquence. One such tribute first caught my eye in 2017: a modest plaque, standing alone, bearing the following inscription:

“George Hanley R.I.P. We Miss Your Wit And Wisdom Loved And Missed By All”

In a place where so many inscriptions boast of worldly accomplishments and social standing, this simple message struck a chord. It wasn’t about what George Hanley did, but about who he was. His legacy, it seems, lay not in titles or wealth, but in the qualities that made him uniquely himself: his wit, his wisdom, and the love he inspired in those around him.

This unassuming plaque serves as a powerful reminder that in the face of loss, we are all equal. Whether a celebrated public figure or a beloved friend, the pain of absence is universal. “Loved and missed by all” is a sentiment that transcends social status, resonating with anyone who has experienced the grief of losing someone dear.

In the context of Mount Jerome, with its sometimes ostentatious displays of wealth and status, George Hanley’s plaque offers a different perspective. It speaks of a different kind of wealth – the richness of human connection, the enduring value of personal qualities like wit and wisdom. It’s a quiet testament to the idea that a life well-lived, filled with laughter and love, leaves its own unique and enduring legacy.

Of course, without knowing more about George Hanley, it’s impossible to know his full story. Perhaps he was a person of great influence who chose a humble memorial. Perhaps he was an ordinary person whose loved ones chose to commemorate him in a way that truly reflected his character. Whatever his story, his plaque provides a moment of quiet reflection amidst the grandeur of Mount Jerome. It reminds us of the enduring power of human connection and the simple truth that a life filled with love and laughter leaves a mark that transcends any monument.

There’s a certain beauty in the anonymity of this tribute. It allows us to connect with the sentiment without the distractions of a specific life story. The inscription itself becomes a universal story about the things that truly matter – wit, wisdom, and love.

Leaving George Hanley’s story untold allows each visitor to bring their own interpretation and connect with the inscription on a personal level. It becomes a mirror reflecting our own values and the qualities we cherish in those we love.

Perhaps, in a way, this anonymity makes the tribute even more powerful. It reminds us that ultimately, it’s not about worldly achievements or fame, but about the impact we have on others and the love we share.

THE GRESHAM FAMILY VAULT FITTED WITH A BELL

December 15, 2024 by infomatique

2017 LEGACY PHOTO COLLECTION BY WILLIAM MURPHY

There is a Gresham family vault in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin, and it’s quite a unique one! It was fitted with a bell to allay the fears of a woman terrified of being buried alive. Let’s delve into the reasons behind this fear and the curious spelling on the vault.

Fear of Being Buried Alive in the 1840s

In the 1840s, the fear of being buried alive, known as taphophobia, was far from unreasonable. Medical knowledge and diagnostic tools were limited compared to today. Here’s why:

Misdiagnosis: Conditions like coma, catalepsy (a nervous system disorder causing muscular rigidity and unconsciousness), and even profound fainting could be mistaken for death.
Limited Technology: Doctors relied on basic observations like checking for a pulse or breathing, which could be difficult to detect in some cases. Stethoscopes were relatively new and not universally used.
Rapid Burial: Due to the lack of embalming and refrigeration, bodies often decomposed quickly, especially in warmer climates. This led to hasty burials, sometimes within 24 hours of death, increasing the risk of burying someone alive.

The “Vavlt” Spelling

The use of “v” instead of “u” in inscriptions on older cemeteries and graveyards in Britain and Ireland is linked to historical changes in the English language:

Latin Influence: Latin was the language of scholarship and the Church for centuries. In Latin, “v” and “u” were essentially interchangeable.
“V” for “U” Sound: In early English, the letter “v” was often used to represent both the “v” and “u” sounds, especially at the beginning of words.
Carving Styles: The “v” shape may have been easier to carve in stone than the curved “u,” particularly in elaborate scripts.
This spelling quirk adds an extra layer of historical intrigue to these old inscriptions.

The Gresham Family and the Gresham Hotel

Many years ago I was informed by a tour guide that the Greshams owned the famous Gresham Hotel. However, while the Gresham family vault is a prominent feature in Mount Jerome Cemetery, there doesn’t appear to be a direct genealogical link to Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Gresham Hotel in Dublin.

Thomas Gresham had a fascinating story himself:

Foundling: He was abandoned as a baby on the steps of the Royal Exchange in London and named after Sir Thomas Gresham, a famous Elizabethan merchant.
From Butler to Hotelier: He worked his way up from a servant to owning and operating a successful lodging house in Dublin, which eventually became the renowned Gresham Hotel.
Although a direct family connection to the Gresham Hotel is unlikely, the Gresham family vault with its unique bell serves as a reminder of the historical anxieties surrounding death and burial. It also offers a glimpse into the evolution of language and inscription practices, adding to the rich tapestry of history found within Mount Jerome Cemetery.